Fixing number of co-noraml product of graphs

An automorphism of a graph $G$ is a bijective mapping from the vertex set of $G$ to itself which preserves the adjacency and the non-adjacency relations of the vertices of $G$. A fixing set $F$ of a graph $G$ is a set of those vertices of $G$ which when assigned distinct labels removes all the automorphisms of $G$, except the trivial one. The fixing number of a graph $G$, denoted by $fix(G)$, is the smallest cardinality of a fixing set of $G$. The co-normal product $G_1\ast G_2$ of two graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$, is a graph having the vertex set $V(G_1)\times V(G_2)$ and two distinct vertices $(g_1, g_2), (\acute{g_1}, \acute{g_2})$ are adjacent if $g_1$ is adjacent to $\acute{g_1}$ in $G_1$ or $g_2$ is adjacent to $\acute{g_2}$ in $G_2$. We define a general co-normal product of $k\geq 2$ graphs which is a natural generalization of the co-normal product of two graphs. In this paper, we discuss automorphisms of the co-normal product of graphs using the automorphisms of its factors and prove results on the cardinality of the automorphism group of the co-normal product of graphs. We prove that $max\{fix(G_1), fix(G_2)\}\leq fix(G_1\ast G_2)$, for any two graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$. We also compute the fixing number of the co-normal product of some families of graphs.Comment: 13 page

Study of polytropes with Generalized polytropic Equation of State

The aim of this paper is to discuss the theory of Newtonian and relativistic polytropes with generalized polytropic equation of state. For this purpose, we formulated the general framework to discuss the physical properties of polytrops with anisotropic inner fluid distribution under conformally flat condition in the presence of charge. We investigate the stability of these polytrops in the vicinity of generalized polytropic equation through Tolman-mass. It is concluded that one of the derived models is physically acceptable.Comment: 21 pages, 3 figure

Multi Layered Multi Task Marker Based Interaction in Information Rich Virtual Environments

Simple and cheap interaction has a key role in the operation and exploration of any Virtual Environment (VE). In this paper, we propose an interaction technique that provides two different ways of interaction (information and control) on complex objects in a simple and computationally cheap way. The interaction is based on the use of multiple embedded markers in a specialized manner. The proposed marker like an interaction peripheral works just like a touch paid which can perform any type of interaction in a 3D VE. The proposed marker is not only used for interaction with Augmented Reality (AR), but also with Mixed Reality. A biological virtual learning application is developed which is used for evaluation and experimentation. We conducted our experiments in two phases. First, we compared a simple VE with the proposed layered VE. Second, a comparative study is conducted between the proposed marker, a simple layered marker, and multiple single markers. We found the proposed marker with improved learning, easiness in interaction, and comparatively less task execution time. The results gave improved learning for layered VE as compared to simple VE

Two Hand Gesture Based 3D Navigation in Virtual Environments

Natural interaction is gaining popularity due to its simple, attractive, and realistic nature, which realizes direct Human Computer Interaction (HCI). In this paper, we presented a novel two hand gesture based interaction technique for 3 dimensional (3D) navigation in Virtual Environments (VEs). The system used computer vision techniques for the detection of hand gestures (colored thumbs) from real scene and performed different navigation (forward, backward, up, down, left, and right) tasks in the VE. The proposed technique also allow users to efficiently control speed during navigation. The proposed technique is implemented via a VE for experimental purposes. Forty (40) participants performed the experimental study. Experiments revealed that the proposed technique is feasible, easy to learn and use, having less cognitive load on users. Finally gesture recognition engines were used to assess the accuracy and performance of the proposed gestures. kNN achieved high accuracy rates (95.7%) as compared to SVM (95.3%). kNN also has high performance rates in terms of training time (3.16 secs) and prediction speed (6600 obs/sec) as compared to SVM with 6.40 secs and 2900 obs/sec

Isothermal study of Congo Red dye biosorptive removal from water by Solanum tuberosum and Pisum sativum peels in economical way

Solanum tuberosum (STP) and Pisum sativum peels (PSP) were used for removal of toxic Congo Red dye using indigenous sources. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) and pea (Pisum sativum) are commonly and abundantly cultivated plants in Asian countries and their peels are easily available. The optimized conditions for Solanum tuberosum peels (STP) and Pisum sativum peels (PSP) were: adsorbent dose; 0.8 and 0.6 g, contact time; 50 and 35 min, pH; 3 and 2, agitation speed; 200 and 125 rpm and temperature; 30 oC for both STP and PSP respectively. Isothermal studies indicated that Langmuir model followed by equilibrium data more than Freundlich model. Negative value of thermodynamic parameter ∆Go shown that Cong Red removal by both adsorbents was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The adsorption capacity (qmax) for Solanum tuberosum and Pisum sativum peels were found to be 6.9 and 16.4 mg.g-1, respectively. Higher value of qmax for pea peels shown that it is more suitable adsorbent for removal of Congo Red dye than potato peels.               KEY WORDS: Congo red, Solanum tuberosum, Pisum sativum, Biosorption Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2018, 32(2), 213-223.DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v32i2.

PLANNED BEHAVIOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INTENTION TO CREATE A NEW VENTURE AMONG YOUNG GRADUATES

This paper attempts to investigate whether young graduates possess the leadership style that is pre-requisite to become entrepreneur. The paper further examines the role of higher education towards the desire of new venture creation among young graduates in developing economies specially. This study analyzed the response of 225 final-semester students at different universities in Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Lahore. A questionnaire based survey instrument was used. Result of the present study shows that education and new venture creation are positively and significantly correlated. The results further indicate that all variables used in this study are significantly correlated with intention to create a new venture. The limitation of this study is that it includes business and economics discipline students only. Further studies may investigate and examine the possibilities of similar outcomes among students of other disciplines including science, engineering, medicine, agriculture and law etc. The present study will, however, provide insight to future policy makers and planners to consider strategies for optimally utilizing the expertise and potentials of the young graduates. The academicians, educators, and university authorities have rethink what to teach? How to teach? In order to effectively prepare-young generation for the forthcoming challenges.entrepreneurship, leadership style, new venture creation, planned behavior, young graduates.

Synthesis and antibacterial study of some s-substituted aliphatic analogues of 2-mercapto-5-(1-(4-toluenesulfonyl) piperidin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

Purpose: To synthesize a series of analogues of 1,3,4-oxadiazole and to evaluate their antibacterial activity.Methods: Ethyl piperidin-4-carboxylate (1) was mixed with 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride (2) in benignant conditions to yield ethyl 1-(4-toluenesulfonyl)piperidin-4-carboxylate (3) and then 1-(4- toluenesulfonyl)piperidin-4-carbohydrazide (4). Intermolecular cyclization of 4 into 2-mercapto-5-(1-(4- toluenesulfonyl) piperidin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (5) was obtained on reflux with CS2 in the presence of KOH. Molecule 5 was stirred with alkyl halides, 6a-i, in DMF in the presence of LiH to synthesize the final compounds, 7a-i. The structures of these molecules were elucidated by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS). Antibacterial activity was evaluated against five bacterial strains, namely, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, with ciprofloxacin used as standard antibacterial agent.Results: Out of nine synthesized derivatives, compound 7a was the most active against three bacterial strains, S. typhi, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 9.11 ± 0.40, 9.89 ± 0.45 and 9.14 ± 0.72 μM, respectively, compared with 7.45 ± 0.58, 7.16 ± 0.58 and 7.14 ± 0.18 μM, respectively, for the reference standard (ciprofloxacin). Similarly, compounds 7a - 7c showed relatively good antibacterial activity against B. subtilis strain while compound 7e - 7g revealed good results against S. typhi bacterial strain.Conclusion: The results indicate that S-substituted derivatives of the parent compound are more effective antibacterial agents than the parent compound, even with minor differences in substituents.Keywords: 1,3,4-Oxadiazole, Antibacterial activity, Ethyl piperidin-4-carboxylate, Sulfonamid

Social media usage in academic research

Recently researchers have used “conversation prism” and “social media prisma”, to consolidate social medias with respect to their use. Although both identified 25 types, having average five examples each, they did not identify contribution of each type in academic research. Moreover some of mentioned social services had been suspended or changed. In this paper we attempt to access each social media mentioned in conversation prism in order to first, identify services that are operational to date, services which have suspended and those which have changed during course of time. Second, we compare number of publications associated with each social media, in order to identify which social media has contributed most to academic research. Third, we attempt to find correlation between number of publications and development tools provided by respective social applications. Fourth, social medias are ranked with respect to number of times other social medias share content with respective social application. It was found that out of 168 social applications, 10% changed their service objective while 13% were suspended. Among all social application, AMAZON had highest i.e. 147,000 number of citations on Google scholar whereas 90.7% of total citations were contributed by top 30 social medias. For developers, 22 out of top 30 social medias provided developer options in form of either application programming interface (API) or software development kits (SDK) and Facebook was found to be most cross referred social media based on content sharing. Finally conclusion and future work of study is presented

Emerging Risk Factors for Impaired Lung Function in Chemical Industry Workers of Faisalabad

Objective: To determine the impact, obesity and age on the lung functions determined by PEFR of healthy workers of chemical industries. Methodology:  This was a cross sectional study performed at private medical college of Faisalabad. Three days medical camp was arranged during 2nd to 4th  September 2020 after taking approval from institutional ethical committee. All relevant information including age, residence and history about chemical exposure were recorded in a structured proforma. Obesity was determined on basis of BMI grading. BMI was calculated from estimated Height and weight   PEFR of each participant was determined using Wright’s Peak flow meter.  Data was analyzed by SPSS21. Results: Mean± SD age, height and weight of the studied population was 38.85 ± 12.1, 170.07  ±12.0   and 78.12 ±12.7. lowest PEFR value was found in subjects with age range 61 to 70 years as compred to youger subjects . The mean PEFR value were significantly different  with respect to various age catagoeies with  p value= 0.000 Highest mean PEFR values were found in  taller subjects having height ≥ 180 cm and lowest values were found in subjects with height 150-159 cm,  the difference in means was statisticaly significant with p value= 0.05. Morbid  obese subjects showing comparatively  lower PEFR values in morbid obese  with significant p value =0.002. . PEFR was found to be negatively associated with age ( p- value= 0.000*)  and BMI( p value =0.001*). Our results also showed weak positive association of PEFR with height, however this relation was not found to be statistically significant (p value= 0.081). Conclusion: Peak expiratory flow rate is negatively associated with increasing BMI and age, reflecting that elderly and obese subjects are more prone to have affected lung function due to exposure to chemical